The Strahler number was originally proposed to characterize the complexity of river bifurcation and has found various applications. This article proposes computation of the Strahler…
Complex System
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The correlation dimension of natural language is measured by applying the Grassberger-Procaccia algorithm to high-dimensional sequences produced by a large-scale language model. This method, previously…
We explore the complexity underlying human symbolic sequences via entropy rate estimation. Consider the number of possibilities for a time series of length n, with a…
The theory of econophysics reveals the scaling properties of price, which explains why market crashes much more frequently than expected. A challenge of financial market…
Real instances of social systems have a bursty character, meaning that events occur in a clustered manner. For example, the figure below shows how rare…
How grammatically complex are adults’ utterances as compared with those of children? How is a literary text more structurally complex than a Wikipedia source? How…
Various metrics are considered in terms of whether they characterize different kinds of data. For example, in the case of natural language, metrics that specify…