The Strahler number was originally proposed to characterize the complexity of river bifurcation and has found various applications. This article proposes computation of the Strahler number’s upper and lower limits…
Complex System
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The correlation dimension of natural language is measured by applying the Grassberger-Procaccia algorithm to high-dimensional sequences produced by a large-scale language model. This method, previously studied only in a Euclidean…
We explore the complexity underlying human symbolic sequences via entropy rate estimation. Consider the number of possibilities for a time series of length n, with a parameter h, as 2_hn_. For a…
The theory of econophysics reveals the scaling properties of price, which explains why market crashes much more frequently than expected. A challenge of financial market modeling is to characterize the…
Real instances of social systems have a bursty character, meaning that events occur in a clustered manner. For example, the figure below shows how rare events occur over time in…
How grammatically complex are adults’ utterances as compared with those of children? How is a literary text more structurally complex than a Wikipedia source? How can such complexity be compared…
Various metrics are considered in terms of whether they characterize different kinds of data. For example, in the case of natural language, metrics that specify the author, language, or genre…